This is the only child I have and I desire to find him much. Beautiful houses, an antique village, a large tourist trade. He showed young Isaac how it was done, apprenticed him. People Projects Discussions Surnames Hite expressed regret that he had to charge interest if buyers insisted on using credit. Especially for travelers, the markets were a rival to the French Opera House and the Thtre dOrlans. I take the old route to Knoxville, but then get onto the freeway, Interstate 40. Trailer-park childhood. Ball was bought by a slave trader on Marylands Eastern Shore, and later wrote a memoir. It gave the Deep South a character it retains to this day; and it changed the slaves themselves, traumatizing uncountable families. He was a minister. We had a nurse, a woman who used to be called a mammy. So-called mulatresses., Isaac Franklin was all over this market. She points to a document from the steamerHibernia, which arrived from Louisville in 1831. The Natchez people first carved the footpath some 500 years before and used it until about 1800, when they were massacred and dispersed, at which point white travelers took possession of their highway. [1] He was also the developer of Beersheba Springs, and a co-founder of Sewanee: The University of the South . Thats good. You say it was 150 years ago? The labels in the coats once read, Brooks Brothers. She is in the French Quarter, in a gallery of the archive where she works, and all around her are artifacts about the slave trade. Waller had been on the trail for two weeks when he wrote home to say, I have seen and felt enough to make me loathe the vocation of slave trading. He did not give details. Thomson is sensitive to the suggestion that the family took benefit from the industrial-scale cruelty of Franklin & Armfield. A month ago the bridge was uncovered with a backhoe by a developer, Boxley says. 1730) John. But because of their background and lack of education, they just sort of slid into slavery. He is bearded white and gray, and half bald. The company's agents sent people down to Franklin & Armfield's slavepens (another word that has disappeared) in Alexandria, just nine miles south of the U.S. Capitol: seamstresses, nurses,. Descendants of a slave trading family come to Sewanee to search for their history and find it tangled up with the University's own painful truth about its founding. It was bigger than the immigration of Jews into the United States during the 19th century, when some 500,000 arrived from Russia and Eastern Europe. At the same time, that doesnt mean that he didnt have bad habits, Thomson clarifies. On the ground, a carpet of mud, and leaves beneath it, and dirt under the leaves. She had seen him last when he was 8, and did not recognize him. Although today is Sunday my hands are engaged in repairing the road to enable us to pass on.. A black man asks:I am a middle-class father. A few bring up their own ethnic lore. Samuel Garland said something about negro trading that makes me infer the Church is displeased with me. My mother was sold from me: After slavery, the desperate search for loved ones in last seen ads. Based in Alexandria, Virginia, they traded thousands of African Americans to the Deep South and secured millions in profit. Waller knew his family. In 1832, for example, 5 percent of all the commercial credit available through the Second Bank of the United States had been extended to their firm. While enslaved people waited in Franklin and Armfields holding pen in Alexandria, the two men most likely adopted classic techniques employed by slave traders to enhance enslaved peoples salability, McInnis said. The partners employed stringersheadhunters who worked on commissioncollecting enslaved people up and down the East Coast, knocking on doors, asking tobacco and rice planters whether they would sell. Multiply that by 200. She pulls out an October 1824 newspaper ad, placed by Isaac Hite, master of Belle Grove (and brother-in-law to President Madison). Each negro is furnished with two entire suits from the shop, Andrews noted, which he does not wear upon the road. Instead, these clothes were saved for the end of the trip so each slave could dress well for sale. In the library at Yale I did a bit more unearthing and found a travelogue by a man named Ethan Andrews, who happened to pass through Alexandria a year later and witness the organizing of an Armfield coffle. And that includes about Isaac Franklin. History, too, has largely let them off scot-free, Schermerhorn said. Why does no one know their names? He tells the back story. After 15 years at various Tennessee hospitals, and after 15 years selling makeup for Mary Kay Cosmetics (and driving a pink Cadillac, because she moved a ton of mascara), she now occupies herself with family history. These children were not 10. My aim is to preserve every inch of dirt in this area, Boxley says. So Isaac had at least one black child, but this daughter of his left the state of Tennessee, and nobody knows what happened to her. This movement lasted longer and grabbed up more people than any other migration in North America before 1900. It was all he did for the rest of his professional life, right up until he retired. Also, an elderly black woman named Charity, whom he and Sarah had kept at home, knowing that no one would offer money for her. Waller planned to sell all of them. Americas forgotten migration the journeys of a million African-Americans from the tobacco South to the cotton South, Edward Ball; Photographs by Wayne Lawrence. Lived in Nantucket (??) I started following its footsteps, hoping to find traces of the Slave Trail of Tears. The coffle headed west out of Alexandria. Theyre the ones who turned the business of selling humans from one part of the U.S. to another into a very modern, organized business no longer just one trader who might move a few people from one plantation to another, said Maurie D. McInnis, a professor at the University of Texas at Austin who studies the cultural history of slavery. | READ MORE. Just outside town, the Trace comes to an end at a shabby intersection. He carries a poster, 4 by 6 feet, in the back of his red Nissan truck. Days and nights down the Valley Turnpike, the spine of the Blue Ridge, destination Tennessee, where Armfield would hand over his coffle and board a stagecoach back to Alexandria. Golden Plains (Plantation : Mississippi) Theophilus Freeman, who sold Solomon Northup, ofTwelve Years a Slave, operated over there. But the tourist money is fairly recent. He expected another month on the road. Franklin disposed of their bodies in a bayou down the road. This is the oldest settled portion of the state and bears the appearance of great comfort, refinement and elegance, Waller wrote. Its been six years since Rothman began his research, crisscrossing the country to scour old documents such as property transactions in Louisiana, court cases in Mississippi, ship manifests in Alexandria. On April 1, Waller reached home. And we had all these servants till they died. He whiled away his final years managing his estates and spending time with his three children and wife, Adelicia Hayes, whom records indicate he adored. The public recognition for Forks of the Road is for the ancestors who cannot speak for themselves.. They are a manifest, or list, of one group of 110 people moved by Isaac Franklin in 1829. Are we responsible for what the slave traders did? It has a double portico, with four Ionic columns on the first level and four on the second. Never heard of it. By August, Armfield had more than 300 ready for the march. In Knoxville, in October 1847, Waller readied his gang of 20 or more for the second half of their journey. Although the Armfield gang vanishes from the record, it is possible to follow in detail a coffle of people on the journey from Tennessee to New Orleans, thanks to William Wallers letters. Robert Glenn was sold at age 8 from his mother and father in North Carolina and spent the rest of his childhood in Kentucky. The fancy trade meant women sold as forcible sex partners. In Winchester, the Winchester-. At this point in the journey, other spurs, from Louisville and Lexington to the north, joined the main path of the Slave Trail. I am enveloped in darkness; but still, strange to say, I live upon hope, the friend of man.. He had grown up near Gallatin, 30 miles northeast of Nashville, and he went there during off months. In their heyday, Isaac Franklin and John Armfield sold between 1,000 and 2,000 enslaved people per year, and by the time Franklin died in 1846, his estate was valued at $710,000 almost $24. After Swan Creek, McLishs Stand. Some whites went to the slave auctions for entertainment. Armfield and his gang of 300 had marched for a month and covered more than 600 miles. In Staunton, the Visitor Center. The slave-trade site it mentions, Masperos Exchange, was diagonally across the street from the sandwich place.. Long stretches of U.S. 11 look much like the Valley Turnpike did during the 1830srolling fields, horses and cattle on hills. In 1827, it was 1,359. Isaac Franklin and John Armfield (1828-1837) were the first to use the property as a slave pen. Sarah and Indian, the mother and daughter, wanted to be sold together. Armfields marriage never yielded any children, and Franklins children with Hayes all died without producing offspring, according to Rothman, so the two men have no direct white descendants living today. A clergyman who saw a march toward Shenandoah remembered that the gang members, having left their wives, children, or other near connections and never likely to meet them again in this world, sang to drown the suffering of mind they were brought into. Witnesses said Old Virginia Never Tire was one song all the coffles sang. Yet today, almost no one knows their names. Listed in 1790 Guilf census 1-2-1 You dont know what they did. I am now waiting for a safe boat to set out for you, he wrote. On the lintel above the door you can see in faded paint its old sign, which reads, ___ CHANGE. The St. Louis Hotel was razed in 1916, but it was in the hotel that the Slave Trail ended in the most spectacular scenes. The three sisters had been taken from their parents, as had Pleasant, Mitchell and Samson. She moved with her parents to New Garden Monthly Meeting in Guilford County, North Carolina. I had a brother, Sam, and a sister, Annie, who were left with mother. He does not make small talk. As for the other half, they were probably herded onto steamboats and churned 260 miles south to New Orleans, where Isaac Franklin or one of his agents sold them, one or three or five at a time. I sold your fancy girl Alice for $800, Franklin wrote to Rice Ballard, a partner then in Richmond. The nicest families in the Shenandoah tipped people into the pipeline south. Take the ashes and get off my land., The intent was to keep that history buried, McQuinn says today. Here the mountains thicken into the Appalachian South of deep hollows and secret hills. I wish to inquire for my relatives, whom I left in Virginia about 25 years ago. As the country marks the 400th anniversary of the arrival of the first enslaved Africans in Jamestown, Americans are being forced to confront the brutality of slavery and of the people who profited from it. I wouldnt have made it too well in slavery days, because I am the kind of person who just could not imagine you would treat me the way they treated people. Watch out for my Jim Crow kitchen, he says from the other room. At the Forks, Waller found a poke salad of low wooden buildings, long and narrow, each housing a dealer, each with a porch and a dirt yard in front. I work for the government, I go to church, have two kids, and I say this story is too painful. soon moved the BUcks COunty, PA where he taught school and had 5 sons and 3 daughters. Many people had scars from whipping. Today the road leaving town becomes U.S. Route 50, a big-shouldered highway. I am married to a man with four children. You see the names. You feel something here? And thats what the times were. She deflects the subject politely. Visitation will be held on Friday, March 3rd 2023 from 12:30 PM to 1:00 PM at the Royer Funeral Home (100 Royer Ln, Grain Valley, MO 64029). Boxley lets less than a second pass. At the time, John Armfield was lacking in purpose: Shiftless and footloose, he had recently been chased away from a county in North Carolina for fathering a child out of wedlock, Rothman said. And Ill tell you what nobody ever talks about. Men and boys sold, on average, for about $700. About John Armfield Came to America in 1718 with his wife and a colony of Quaker emigrants to Philadephia. That is the equivalent of $35,000 today. But by the time Waller arrived, Franklin was gone. I am drafted by the inactivity of others to do history work, he tells me. Former slavesthere were four millionasked by word of mouth, but that went nowhere, and so they put announcements in the papers, trying to find mothers and sisters, children and husbands swept away from them by the Slave Trail. I had plenty of money for the trip, he said. There is great demand for fancy maids, [but] I was disappointed in not finding your Charlottesville maid that you promised me. Franklin told the Virginia office to send the Charlottesville maid right away by ship. On Tuesday, October 19, the troop headed southwest, Waller leading from his horse and his friend James Taliaferro bringing up the rear, both men armed. I think slavery developed here primarily because of the ignorance of the blacks. Four or five tents were spread, and the large wagons, which were to accompany the expedition, were stationed where they could be piled high with provisions and other necessaries. New clothes were loaded in bundles. If you carry hatred or strong dislike for people, all you are doing is hurting yourself.. Armfield had no wish to continue without his longtime partner. John's three married daughters had remained in Pennsylvania. My direct ancestor is Isaacs brother James. Leave a sympathy message to the family on the memorial page of John Hawkins Jr. to pay them a last tribute. I think America continues to be uncomfortable talking about the original sin of slavery, McInnis said. Uncle Isaac was different. Cookie Settings, Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg, Virginia, Illustrated map by Laszlo Kubinyi. Across the street, five historical markers stand on a naked lawn. The people who accompanied him included a boy of 8 or 9 called Pleasant; Mitchell, who was 10 or 11; a teenage boy named Samson; three teenage sisters, Sarah Ann, Louisa and Lucy; Henry, about 17; a man named Nelson and his wife; a man in his 20s called Foster; and a young mother named Sarah, with her daughter Indian, about age 2. They are great people. A magnificent Greek Revival courthouse stands next to a one-room barbershop with a corrugated metal front. The great fall in cotton has so alarmed the people that there is not the slightest prospect of our selling our negroes at almost any price, he wrote home. Some names in the lists are familiar. Born in 1797 to lapsed Quakers who farmed several hundred acres in North Carolina and owned a small number of enslaved people, Armfield spent his early adulthood pursuing a variety of unsuccessful ventures, including a small mercantile shop which he was forced to abandon after his affair. After he died, in 1846, his body was shipped from Louisiana to Fairvue in a whiskey barrel. Jack Keys children at Fairvue included Lucien Key, whose children included a woman named Ruby Key Hall. In winter 1848, cotton was down. No steamboats for this group. There were others. A sofa and chair that belonged to Isaac Franklins parents. When I grew up, we were servanted. They record the names, heights, ages, sex and coloration as determined by the person looking at them. Franklin and Armfield met a few years after that in the course of business and immediately developed a rapport, Rothman said an intimacy that continued for decades and fueled their profitability. A singular spectacle, Featherstonhaugh wrote. John Armfield wore a big white hat and striped pants. About August 25, they reached Winchester and turned south, entering the Shenandoah Valley. One of them was led by a man named William Waller, who walked from Virginia to Louisiana in 1847 with 20 or more slaves. Some museum curators know about it, too. Most of the others were under 20. The story of the masses who trekked a thousand miles, from the tobacco South to the cotton South, sometimes vanished in an economic tale, one about the invention of the cotton gin and the rise of King Cotton. It sometimes sank into a political story, something to do with the Louisiana Purchase and the first Southwestthe young states of Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas. No, thats not true, says Erin Greenwald, a curator at the Historic New Orleans Collection. (Armfields hotel, which still stands, is used to host events including Methodist retreats.) It is rare to have a glimpse of slaves enchained in a coffle, because the documentary evidence is thin, but Wallers march is an exception. As U.S. 11 steps into Tennessee, the road finds the Holston River and runs parallel to it. There was one place en route, however, with a small slave marketAberdeen, Mississippi. The same reporter described a noble-looking woman with a bright-eyed seven-year-old. When mother and boy stepped onto the platform, however, no bids came for them, and the auctioneer decided on the spur of the moment to put the boy on sale separately. He worked for a partnership of slave dealers called Franklin & Armfield, run by his uncle. While still a boy, Armfield ran away from home, vowing not to return until he had acquired more wealth than his father, Nathan Armfield. Explore genealogy for John Armfield born abt. I pull in at various towns and ask around. Most slave traders at that time were considered common and uncouth, with no social graces. Many things in the Old Testament are pretty barbaric, but they are part of our evolution.. You want your history? he said. I wasnt taught to be prejudiced. I think of it as the Slave Trail of Tears. Wallers letters are imprecise on his route, and by 1847 there were a few roads from Tennessee into Mississippi. Lucy $550.Col. Dabney has taken Henry and is security for the balancethe three sisters to one man. He was relieved. If any man lost his footing, everyone could be washed downstream, yanked one after another by the chain. What to do or where to go I know notI am surrounded by difficulty, he brooded. Daniel is pleasant, happy to talk about his hardscrabble days. Franklin once ran the biggest operation at Forks of the Road, moving hundreds of people every month. The inspection of the back made or broke the deal. The exchanges granite facade can be still found on Chartres Street near the corner of St. Louis Street. Kenneth Thomson brings out some daguerreotypes of the Franklins and others in his family tree. Well, Germans and Scots-Irish settled the Shenandoah, thats who was here. I say, your great-great-grandparents were enslaved persons. The editors of theSouthwestern Christian Advocatepublished their paper in New Orleans, but it went out to Methodist preachers in Arkansas, Mississippi, Tennessee, Texas and Louisiana. It was bigger than the wagon-train migration to the West, beloved of American lore. Isaac Franklin put a building right where that muffler shop issee the peach-colored shed, across the street? You need to look that up. He was born in 1789 to a wealthy planter family in Tennessee that owned a significant number of enslaved people, according to Rothman. But what it says is wrong. It is easily stumbled into. In 1820, the number of ships carrying slaves from Eastern ports into New Orleans was 604. Thomson warms up, shifts in his seat. It must be in the genes, because I have a brother who is a minister, and a cousin who is a minister, and another relative. A clean back was a rarity, and it raised the price. For almost everyone, the break was permanent, the grief everlasting. After the women came the big wagonssix or seven in all. It is a fine country for the slave to live in and for the master to make money in. And by the way, The negroes are not only well, but appear happy and pleased with the country and prospect before them., At the village of Benton a week before Christmas 1847, Waller huddled with his gang in a ferocious storm. Their children included a son named Jack Key, who was freed at the end of the Civil War, at age 21. But here, they were marching through wilderness. Armfield then ordered the men in irons to get in the water. That would be more than $440 million today.. There, at the age of 22, she married Joseph Thornburg son of Edward and Sarah Ann Hannah Haman Thornburg on 30 Nov 1754. In Roanoke, at a tourist information outlet called Virginias Blue Ridge. We had a guy that doubled as a driver and supervised the warehouse. In place of towns were stands every 10 or 15 miles. People sang. Several factors set the pair apart, Rothman explained: For one thing, their timing was impeccable. I squish through the mud, sweating, pulling off spiders, slapping mosquitoes and horseflies. Machines did not replace human hands until the 1960s. In my family, people looked after their slaves, he said. It worked like this: Relying on a network of headhunters spread across Virginia, Maryland and the District, Armfield would round up enslaved people, holding them in an open-air pen behind the house in Alexandria or sometimes in its crowded, filthy basement until hed amassed a sufficient number: usually between 100 and 200. It is a refrain among Southern whites who remain emotionally attached to the plantation daysthat one in 1,000 slaveholders who were black vindicates in some fashion 999 who were not. James Ware, the slave dealer Waller had met in Natchez, had come through on the sales, and he offered Waller an itemized statement. She was captured and enslaved 400 years ago. More Replies: Re: John Armfield b. And it was really past time.. She lives 25 miles from Gallatin, in a pretty brick, ranch-style house with white shutters. To my certain knowledge she has been used & that smartly by a one eyed man about my size and age, excuse my foolishness, Isaac Franklins nephew James an employee and his uncles protege wrote in typical business correspondence, referring to Caroline Brown, an enslaved woman who suffered repeated rape and abuse at Jamess hands for five months. We cannot be responsible, should not feel like were responsible. I think Franklin was a cruel individual, but he was human. Relatives of President James Madison put up the stone mansion at Belle Grove during the 1790s, and it lives on as a fine house museum run by a historian, Kristen Laise. The whole amount of sales for the twentythe entire group that had come with him from Virginiais $12,675. (About $400,000 now.) They ran to family, friends, or across state lines to freedom. Armfield crossed them on flatboats. The slave cabins were vacant. Oh, no. They probably would have had to kill me, with my temperament. She laughs again. The negroes are above all wellthey continue in fine spirits and life and appear all happy.. This is one of the richest portions of the state and perhaps one of the most healthy, he wrote home. The whole thing was so evil, McInnis said. Ballard, Rice C. (Rice Carter), -1860. My heart grieves over Sarah and I do wish it could be different, he wrote. Part of the reason theyre successful is they work well together: Each understands the others strengths, they trust and respect each other., We cannot be forgetting: Twilight marchers in Alexandria evoke the pain of enslaved thousands. Frederick County Visitor Center. Spindly pine and oaks away off the roadbed, a third-growth woods. Every few miles, Armfield and his chained-up gang came to a toll station. They were turning out the new Valley Turnpike, a macadam surface with ditches at the sides. I feel a certain detachment from it, I suppose. It was typical on the Slave Trail: People like Waller marched a coffle and sold one or two people along the way to pay the travel bills. He knew how rare this was, so he decided to go back to his birthplace and look for his parents. Thats on the Internet. Records of that part of the journey do not survive, nor do records about the individual slaves in the coffle. At the Forks, there were no auctions, only haggling. 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