01 of 10 First Quaker President Hoover was the son of a blacksmith, Jesse Clark Hoover, and a Quaker minister, Huldah Minthorn Hoover. Exhibt A: Map of Number and Distribution of Shacks (March 5, 1941) At its peak, roughly 25%, maybe more, of the American work force was unemployed. Hooverville served as a home for different nationalities and ethnicities. Most large cities built municipal lodging houses for the homeless, but the Depression exponentially increased demand. Some shelters were little more than holes in the ground covered with tin or cardboard. There were dozens in the state of Washington, hundreds throughout the country, each testifying to the housing crisis that accompanied the employment crisis of the early 1930s. He explained that the population was fluid, as men sold their shacks to newcomers and moved on, and at its maximum during the winter months when it reached as hight as 1,200. Hoover Pullmans were rusted railroad boxcars used as dwellings. These worksheets have been specifically designed for use with any international curriculum. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. The Great Depression caused social upheaval and political unrest. In 1932, Hooverville was established in Anacostia, District of Columbia, to house a group of. "; The Great Depression drew to an end with the outbreak of WW2 and municipal programs aimed at "eradicating" shantytowns destroyed all the Hoovervilles. Each Hooverville was unique. New York City: Depression shacks "Hoover Village" in the old Central Park reservoir. Seattle is fortunate to have the kind of detailed documentation of its Hooverville that other cities lack, and we have compiled these unique resources here. Ultimately, they were a bitterly ironic symbol of the suffering inherent in the worst economic crisis in U.S. History. Considered by many to be one of the most successful of Roosevelts New Deal programs, the CCC planted more than three read more, In the early 20th century, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation devised plans for a massive dam on the Arizona-Nevada border to tame the Colorado River and provide water and hydroelectric power for the developing Southwest. The Seattle City Council decided to close Hooverville in May 1941, despite the increased reliance on it for shelter. [2], Tacoma's "Hollywood-on-the-Tideflats" was burned by city officials in May 1942, but was soon reoccupied and rebuilt. In the summer of 1931 a group of Seattle residents organized to establish self-help enterprises and demand that government officials create jobs and increase relief assistance to unemployed. A "Hooverville" was a shanty town built during the Great Depression by the homeless in the United States. Check out the Siteseen network of educational websites. Hoovervilles lacked the services found in typical towns. Hoovervilles, or shantytowns, became a common sight. A look at how people lived, especially in the makeshift dwellings they constructed, gives a better sense of this, as does an understanding of the bitter humor behind the naming of these dwellings, known as 'Hoovervilles'. [2] Among the white population, nationalities included English, Irish, Polish, Spanish, Italian, and Russian. Seattle's main Hooverville was one of the largest, longest-lasting, and best documented in the nation. Erected by unemployed lumberjacks on the tidal flats of the Port of Seattle, the encampment covered nine acres and grew to house up to 1,200 people. St. Louis Hooverville, built in 1930, had its own unofficial mayor, churches and social institutions. OKIESOkies is a term applied generally to people from the American Southwest who migrated to the Pacific Coast, particularly to California, during the Great Depression. This photo shows a team of two work horses hitched to a wagon with farm house visible in the background in Beltsville, Md., in 1935. How many Hoovervilles or Shantytowns were there? Usually built on vacant land, the camps were largely tolerated by city authorities. Sign Me Up, Editing resources is available exclusively for KidsKonnect Premium members.To edit this worksheet, click the button below to signup (it only takes a minute) and you'll be brought right back to this page to start editing! He counted 639 residents in March of that year, all but seven of them men. It began after the stock market crash of October 1929, which sent Wall Street into a panic and wiped out millions of investors. Tacoma hosted a large encampment near the city garbage dump that residents called "Hollywood-on-the-Tideflats." Economic disparity in the United States during the 1930s was not limited to American born individuals. Trade policies made the Great Depression worse. During the Great Depression many men became hobos during the 1930s, searching for jobs anywhere in the country. The Great Depression rolled on, and people got caught in a vicious cycle. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! The people who lived in a Hooverville or Shanty Town were men, women and children, black and white, from all walks of life, who had been evicted from their homes and made homeless due to unemployment in the Great Depression. Excerpt from "The Story of Hooverville, In Seattle" by Jesse Jackson, Mayor of Hooverville (1935) "; Roy documents a unique spirit of tolerance and amiability between ethnic groups. Thesis, University of Washington, 1935), pp.42-45. Riverside Park, New York City: A shantytown occupied Riverside Park at 72nd Street during the depression. months[1] = "Find information about the instructive websites produced by international publisher Siteseen Ltd. "; Whenever possible, Hoovervilles were built near creeks, streams, and rivers to provide a source of water. Absolutely anything that would provide shelter. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The Shanty Town was not new to America. The government refused to pay, citing Depression-era budgetary restrictions. var months = new Array(12); Facts About Hoovervilles The term Hooverville came from the blame on President Herbert Hoover for the intolerable economic and social conditions. Black and white Americans and immigrants from all over the world shared the camp sites. Hoovervilles: Some 200,000 migrant farmers relocated to California. Roosevelt promised to improve the country with a "new deal for the American people." When most of the veterans refused to leave their shacks, Hoover ordered his Chief of Staff Gen. Douglas MacArthur to drive them out. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. "; You can use these worksheets as-is, or edit them using Google Slides to make them more specific to your own student ability levels and curriculum standards. Where were Hoovervilles situated? In his journal, he states that of the 639 residents of the town, only 7 of them were women. Many Hoovervilles were built along rivers, proving drinking water and allowing some residents to grow vegetables. The Great Depression was the greatest and longest economic recession of the 20th century. Construction within the strict timeframe proved an immense read more, The Dust Bowl was the name given to the drought-stricken southern plains region of the United States, which suffered severe dust storms during a drought in the 1930s. Hundreds of Hoovervilles were established across the country during the 1930s. It comes from the New York Public Library. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/hoovervilles-homeless-camps-of-the-great-depression-4845996. The Works Progress Administration (WPA) was an ambitious employment and infrastructure program created by President Franklin Roosevelt in 1935, during the bleakest days of the Great Depression. In May 1942, shortly after Seattle destroyed its Hooverville, the Tacoma Fire Department burned fifty of the "Hollywood" shacks. However, most buildings were little more than crude shelters thrown together from wooden crates, cardboard boxes, tar paper, scrap metal, and other fire-prone discarded materials. Billions of dollars were lost, wiping out thousands of investors. However, the countrys 31st president, Republican Herbert Hoover, who took office in March 1929, believed that self-reliance and self-help, not government intervention, were the best means to meet citizens needs. Some Hoovervilles even received assistance from churches and private donors. No two Hundreds of Hoovervilles were established across the country during the 1930s. Did New Deal Programs Help End the Great Depression? People experiencing homelessness made them from scraps of wood, tin, tar, and cardboard, and named . (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); By 1932, between one and two million American people were homeless. In June, many of the so-called Bonus Army marched to the Capitol to request early payment of the government bonuses they had been promised for their military servicemoney that would have alleviated the financial problems of many families. This was at a time when most workers didn't have access to unemployment benefits, health care, or Social Security--in fact, none of the programs that could provide that kind of help even existed. Desperate for shelter, homeless citizens built shantytowns in and around cities across the nation. Many authorities frequently tolerated the shantytowns out of sheer necessity. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. 10 Facts About the Great Depression. University of Washington: The Great Depression in Washington State.Hoovervilles in Seattle. Bud, Not Buddy by Christopher Paul Curtis: Chapters 1-5 | Summary & Analysis, Themes in Bud, Not Buddy by Christopher Paul Curtis | Examples & Analysis, Bud, Not Buddy by Christopher Paul Curtis | Summary & Characters of Bud, Not Buddy, Bud's Rules in Bud, Not Buddy by Christopher Paul Curtis | Significance & Analysis, Vietnamization Policy & Significance | Nixon's Plan to Withdraw American Forces. During the fall and winter of 1931 and 1932, unemployed workers established Seattle's "Hooverville," a shantytown named in sarcastic honor of U.S. President Herbert Hoover (1874-1964), on whose beat the Great Depression began. [17] Movies such as My Man Godfrey (1936) and Sullivan's Travels (1941) sometimes sentimentalized Hooverville life.[18]. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. Included are photographs, city documents, a 1934 sociological survey of residents, a short memoir written by the former "mayor" of Hooverville, and more. Seattle's Hooverville had lasted a full decade.[4]. Sign Up. St. Louis, Missouri, was the site of the largest Hooverville in America. Hoovervilles were hundreds of makeshift homeless encampments built near large cities across the United States during the Great Depression (1929-1933). Bootleggers were becoming rich on the profits of illegal alcohol sales and violence was on the rise. Hooverville residents had nowhere else to go, and public sympathy, for the most part, was with them. Other Hoovervilles also developed: one on the side of Beacon Hill where today I-5 passes; one in the Interbay area next to where the city used to dump its garbage; and two others along 6th Avenue in South Seattle. Many of us spend a great deal of time imagining what we'd do if we had a lot of money--if we won the lottery, for example. Throughout the country, Hoovervilles, or makeshift shanties, would spring up to provide shelter wherever possible, often near water sources or the soup kitchens operated by churches and charities. Named for President Herbert Hoover, the ramshackle settlements ranged in size and were set up across the nation. Tacoma had a large encampment that spanned six blocks. They were named after Herbert Hoover, who was the President of the United States during the start of the Great Depression and was given the blame for it. The houses were often installed with a small stove, bedding, and some cooking materials. As Secretary of Commerce, Hoover presided over the economic boom times of the 'Roaring Twenties,' and when he entered the White House in early 1929, it seemed clear that the nation was in good hands. The Great Depression started on Wall Street. A "Hoover flag" was an empty pocket turned inside out and "Hoover leather" was cardboard used to line a shoe when the sole wore through. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. A Tarpaper Carthage: Interpreting Hooverville, by Joey Smith, He believed this would represent a philosophical shift in what the government was supposed to be for--namely, to ensure a level playing field for economic opportunity, but not to regulate or take over the functions of the market. - Definition & History, Effects & Events of the US Civil War from Various Perspectives, William Monroe Trotter: Quotes & Biography, Andrew Carnegie: Steel, Net Worth & Philanthropy, Neil Armstrong: Biography, Facts & Moon Landing, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. Mark has a Ph.D in Social Science Education. What were Hoovervilles during the Great Depression? READ MORE:Did New Deal Programs Help End the Great Depression? Hoovervilles primarily popped up on the outskirts of major cities. Including the veterans, their families, and other supporters, the crowd of protesters eventually grew to nearly 45,000 people. For example, newspapers used to shield the homeless from the cold were called Hoover blankets, while empty pants pockets pulled inside outdemonstrating no coins in ones pocketswere Hoover flags., When soles wore out of shoes, the cardboard used to replace them was dubbed Hoover leather, and cars pulled by horses because gas was an unaffordable luxury were called Hoover wagons.. Central Park Hooverville with Central Park West in the Background in 1932. A structured government ran Hooverville in Seattle, Washington, and extensive documentation was collected. In turn, a new lexicon came into being -- words like "Hoovervilles," "Hoover blankets" and "Hoover hogs." We are grateful to the Seattle Municipal Archives, King County Archives, and the University of Washington Library Special Collections for permission to incorporate materials in their collections. When the government failed to provide relief, President Herbert Hoover was blamed for the intolerable economic and social conditions, so the shantytowns that cropped up became known as Hoovervilles. After negotiating with the camps mayor, the Health Department agreed to let the residents remain as long they observed minimal safety and sanitary rules. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. A "Hooverville" is the popular name for slum towns built by people without homes during the Great Depression. Banks closed, and factories shut down; thousands and then millions of jobs were lost. months[6] = "Uncover a wealth of facts and information on a variety of subjects produced by the Siteseen network. Seattle's decision to raze Hooverville in 1941 and expel its residents relied on a discourse of "otherness" that set Hooverville economically, socially, and geographically apart. He offers fascinating observations about social mores and culture of the community, including the easy racial relations and tolerance of homosexuality. As the optimism of the 1920s gave way to fear and desperation, Americans looked to the federal government for relief. This website helped me pass! [8], One exceptional Hooverville of Seattle, Washington held a structured government and collected extensive documentation. Who lived in a Hooverville or Shanty Town? "Hoovervilles: Homeless Camps of the Great Depression." Pre-K - K; 1 - 2; 3 - 5; . Click the Edit button above to get started. By 1932, Hoover was so unpopular that he had no realistic hope of being re-elected, and Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York won that years presidential election in November by a landslide. However, that didn't last long. Out of desperation, the homeless began building camps of makeshift shacks near cities across the nation. Most shanties, however, were distinctly less ambitious: Cardboard-box homes did not last long, and most dwellings were in a constant state of being rebuilt. However, their request was denied by Congress and Hoover ordered them evicted. Will Work ForAnything. Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. Report of Shack Elimination Committee (April 14, 1941) However, some countries retaliated by raising their tariffs, and international trade was hampered. https://www.history.com/topics/great-depression/hoovervilles. I feel like its a lifeline. Library of Congress. Economic disparity in the United States during the 1930s was not limited to American born individuals. All the Hoovervilles were 'eradicated' at the end of the Great Depression in 1941. This lack of organization has made it difficult to identify the populations within Hoovervilles. Most settlers were disorganized, and only a few established a form of government. Black and white men would share homes out of convenience and, likewise, exemplify camaraderie and friendship. A large number of small houses were constructed from scrap materials. months[8] = "This website is produced by the Siteseen network that specializes in producing free informative websites on a diverse range of topics. Some Hoovervilles had basic public services and conveniences. If you reference any of the content on this page on your own website, please use the code below to cite this page as the original source. Did you know? 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