strengths and weaknesses of the cognitive model of abnormality

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The cognitive deficits that are present in schizophrenia are widespread and can include problems with episodic memory (the ability to learn and retrieve new information or episodes in one's life), working memory (the ability to maintain information over a short period of time, such as 30 seconds), and other tasks that require one to control or I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. Cognitive therapists often talk about the A-B-C theory, whereby a patient reacts to an activating event with certain thoughts or beliefs that then lead to emotional or behavioral consequences. It is too vague/not nearly specific enough to explain the entirety of the human condition. inshallah ill get an A thanks to these very helpful notes There is a blatant lack of scientific evidence behind the major theories of this approach. Or is it something else? The behavioural model in itself offers an explanation as to the experiences people have affecting people, including the forms of conditioning to which they are exposed to playing a role in the development of abnormality and mental illness. And Fran has negative thought patterns about her insomnia: even before she tries to go to bed every night, she begins thinking about how she will struggle to do so. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. Skinner continues to find problems with cognitive research methods, namely introspection (as used by Wilhelm Wundt) due to its subjective and unscientific nature. ABC model of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Rational-emotive behavioural therapy: However, during the 1980s and 1990s, cognitive and behavioral techniques were merged into cognitive behavioral therapy. When she gets ready for bed, she already starts thinking about how she might not be able to fall asleep. Generally, abnormality refers to: However, all these definitions have a problem. By 1967, Ulric Neisser published the first textbook entitled Cognitive Psychology, which served as a core text in cognitive psychology courses around the country (Thorne & Henley, 2005). One strength of the cognitive approach is it has always employed highly controlled and rigorous methods of study in order to enable researchers to infer cognitive processes at work. Prentice-Hall. Anytime those negative thoughts creep into Sophia's mind, she replaces them with "I am good at many things, and if I work hard, I will get better at acting. Behaviourists have a deterministic view of mental disorders; they believe our actions are largely determined by our experiences in life. Someone who blames the cheater might get angry instead of depressed. The focus might be on getting Ashley to believe that she's all right and that she can find a new partner who will respect and love her. Thank you. Hi Maryam! Thats where i mostly loose my marks. B.F. Skinner criticizes the cognitive approach as he believes that only external stimulus-response behavior should be studied as this can be scientifically measured. The cognitive approach is probably the most dominant approach in psychology today and has been applied to a wide range of practical and theoretical contexts. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. (measures brain activity, CT scans, PET scans, and MRIs) Neuropsychological test (measures a . Behaviorism assumes that people are born a blank slate (tabula rasa) and are not born with cognitive functions like schemas, memory or perception. In 1960, Miller founded the Center for Cognitive Studies at Harvard with the famous cognitivist developmentalist, Jerome Bruner. The Cognitive Triad of Aaron Beck describes three aspects of an individual's thought processes that can lead to psychological disorders, namely a negative view of the self, a negative view of the world, and a negative view of the future. Psychotherapies San Antonio: Harcourt Brace and Company. This later formed the basis of the World Health Organisations (WHO) International Classification of Diseases (ICD), which has been revised no less than ten times. These irrational and polarised thoughts would result in the depressed mood. Since certain tribes do not have a concept of homosexuality and willingly sleep with both men and women for various reasons. Another problem with the cognitive model is that there is no way to scientifically record a person's thoughts. Amazing notes!!! Catastrophizing thoughts assume that if an event occurs, it will have disastrous, often life-threatening results. The start of the use of computers allowed psychologists to try to understand the complexities of human cognition by comparing it with something simpler and better understood, i.e., an artificial system such as a computer. Independent research to learn more is always a bonus too. Strengths and weaknesses of optical flow theory Strengths Influential theory, especially with respect to direct motion toward an object Optical flow is the largest source of information for estimating the direction of motion Weaknesses Other information is also considered, e. binocular disparity Tangent point used rather infrequently Oversimplified theory on control (heading) The early work of the humanistic psychologists redirected attention to the individual human as a whole, and as a conscious and self-aware being. The cognitive approach is highly influential in all areas of psychology (e.g., biological, social, Behaviorism, developmental, etc. I can always try for a leading role in the future". Learn about the cognitive model of abnormality. Cognitive restructuring - confronting and disputing irrational thoughts or beliefs. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. This model underestimates the role of a situation and context, overlooking them for an overemphasis on internal conflicts. Manage Settings Belief - Based on established thought patterns, the individual will have certain beliefs about the incident. These are known as mediational processes because they mediate (i.e., go-between) between the stimulus and the response. Wiener, N. (1948). Finally, cognitive therapy is about empowering the client to take charge of his or her thoughts and change them. They come after the stimulus and before the response. Sophia really wanted that role, and since then has found herself having thoughts such as "I'm no good at anything I try" or "Everyone must think I'm horrible at acting". Discover the history of and debates about the cognitive model. The behavioural model However, it measures non-observable behaviors; therefore it could be argued that it is not as scientific as the behaviorist approach. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'simplypsychology_org-leader-4','ezslot_19',877,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-leader-4-0');For example, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been very effective for treating depression (Hollon & Beck, 1994), and moderately effective for anxiety problems (Beck, 1993). Cognitive maps in rats and men. | 13 Older methods of psychoanalysis tend to overlook the influence of current conflicts over childhood conflicts. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. She tells herself that it's all her fault he cheated. For example, if you were walking to the bus stop and saw your bus coming, you would immediately believe that you must do something or you . Can you suggest me a psychology book for AS and A2 that contains 2017 syllabus? As such, cognitive therapy focuses on attacking the belief part of the A-B-Cs. During these sessions, Beck noticed that thoughts were not as unconscious as Freud had previously theorized, and that certain types of thinking may be the culprits of emotional distress. Study guide notes for chapter 3 for the midterms exam on abnormal psychology abnormal psychology 005 notes for midterm. 161 lessons In addition, the so-called third wave also includes more integrated forms of therapy that blend CBT methods with other forms of therapeutic interventions. Likewise, other studies have shown connections in college students between pessimistic explanations of ones life and behavior and risk for suicidal behavior in subsequent semesters. So the thing is that Im left with A2 right? A cognitive theorist would argue that the difference in Ashley and someone who gets angry instead of depressed is their thoughts. (1993). A rational intervention points out the irrationality of a person's thoughts and seeks to replace irrational beliefs with more rational ones, thereby creating positive consequences for the individual in place of negative ones. The definition of abnormality is incredibly fluid; there is no single definition. It basically involves burning or cutting out a persons brain nerve fibres that are thought to be causing a disorder. Her boyfriend cheated on her with her best friend. However, a patient might lie, either deliberately or without even realizing that they are not accurately representing their own thoughts. It is a nomothetic approach as it focuses on establishing theories on information processing that apply to all people. It is said that Freud re-humanised the mentally ill by making their problems more understandable. But it was the arrival of the computer that gave cognitive psychology the terminology and metaphor it needed to investigate the human mind. This in turn leads to more worry and more negative thoughts, which end up causing her insomnia. However, there are also limitations to the cognitive model, including the fact that there is no way to know whether faulty cognition is the cause or a symptom of mental illness, there is no way to scientifically observe a person's thoughts, and it can appear to place blame on the patient if the treatment is not successful. In the previous section on behavior therapy, there was an example of systematic desensitization as a form of exposure therapy for phobias. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Beck%27s_CognitiveTriad.png, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy#Declining_effectiveness, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beck's_cognitive_triad, https://nobaproject.com/modules/therapeutic-orientations, CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_emotive_behavior_therapy, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WhMmZJ3H1E8&feature=youtu.be, https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=97&v=WRRdSm4ZjX4&feature=emb_logo, Describe the key concepts and applications of the cognitive approach to psychopathology, includingrational-emotive-behavioral therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy, A = the Activating Event, the situation or stressor that triggered the emotion, B = the Beliefs or negative thought patterns (irrational thinking), C = the emotional Consequence of the Belief, the selfIm worthless and ugly, I wish I was different, or I cant do anything right, the worldNo one values me, people ignore me all the time, or life is so unfair, the futureThings will never change, things can only get worse! or Ill never feel good again. Strengths and Weaknesses of the Cognitive Approach (with examples) - Advantages and disadvantages table in A Level and IB Psychology Home > A Level and IB > Psychology > Strengths and Weaknesses of the Cognitive Approach (with examples) Strengths and Weaknesses of the Cognitive Approach (with examples) The ultimate goal is for the individual to create healthier consequences as a result of the rational belief they have put in place. The medical model treats abnormality by looking for physical causes. This could be anything from memory capacity to language skills. models of the information processing that goes on inside peoples minds, including perception, attention, language, memory, thinking, and consciousness. Natalie is a teacher and holds an MA in English Education and is in progress on her PhD in psychology. Results showed that cognitive performance is particularly weak on measures of reasoning- and performal abilities confined to abstract item content, but relatively strong on measures of visuo-perceptual . An electrical current is then passed through the patients brain, thus resulting in a seizure (fit). Cognitive psychology has influenced and integrated with many other approaches and areas of study to produce, for example, social learning theory, cognitive neuropsychology and artificial intelligence (AI). This has involved the use of lab experiments to produce reliable, objective data. New York, NY: Citadel Press. Materials and Methods: Subtest scores of the Stanford-Binet IV collected between ages 4-30 years were analysed in multilevel . All these therapies are a blending of cognitive- and behavior-based elements. Some examples of the cognitive model are the ABC Theory of Albert Ellis and the Cognitive Triad of Aaron Beck. Essentially, a computer codes (i.e., changes) information, stores information, uses information, and produces an output (retrieves info). Genetic Influence on Psychological Disorders, Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Definition, Causes and Treatment for GAD. Like other approaches to psychology, the cognitive model works better with some psychological issues than others. The psychodynamic model was introduced by Sigmund Freud, the Austrian founding father of psychoanalysis and the reason behind most your mum jokes. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. The behaviorists approach only studies external observable (stimulus and response) behavior which can be objectively measured. Unlike prescribing a drug, cognitive therapy depends upon and encourages clients to take control and be a major part of their own treatment. Once youve done that, its just about following the syllabus guidelines. The Psychodynamic Model and Abnormal Functioning, Assessing the Biological Model: Strengths and Weaknesses, The Sociocultural Model and Atypical Functioning, Biological Treatments for Psychological Abnormalities, Sources of Biological Abnormalities: Genetics & Evolution, The Humanistic-Existential Model and Abnormal Functioning, Approaches to Abnormal Psychology: Psychodynamic Through Diathesis-Stress, Humanistic Approach to Psychopathology Theory. There are several strengths that the cognitive model has. Strengths One strength of the cognitive approach is it has always employed highly controlled and rigorous methods of study in order to enable researchers to infer cognitive processes at work. [8]. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Another strength is that the research conducted in this area of psychology very often has applications in the real world. degree with a major in psychology and a minor in mathematics from Christopher Newport University. | 13 Models of Abnormality Chapter 3 Comer, Abnormal Psychology, 8e . The position of the approach is unclear as it argues on one hand that we the way we process information is determined by our past experience (schemas). The mediational (i.e., mental) event could be memory, perception, attention or problem solving, etc. Lots of love. Also, emotional problems would be related to distorted cognitive processes. The goal of behaviourists is to move psychology towards a scientific model that focuses only on strictly observable and measurable behaviour. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information. is this all were supposed to know? Anorexia is down to faulty thinking and will be treated using CBT which aims to change a person's distorted view that they are overweight. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. ECT was more widespread when it was first introduced; it is now used as more of a last resort in more serious cases of mental illness. This could be the cause of inaccuracies in areas such as eyewitness testimony. We know that. By 2017, you mean the old syllabus, not the new one that is about to be introduced right? I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. The Pedagogical Seminary and Journal of Genetic Psychology, 32(4), 691-723. It is also a lengthy process that would take time and patience. Example: Johnny turns in his English thesis, and the professor returns it with some red ink on just one page. The development of better experimental methods. According to the cognitive model of abnormality, maladaptive thoughts lead to psychological problems; for example, in the cognitive model of depression, feelings associated with depression are caused by irrational thoughts or beliefs of failure and inadequacy. New York: Academic Press. Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. Miller, G. A. This is a reductionist approach; it reduces complex human behaviours to basic behavioural responses and simple environmental stimuli. Some other types are biomedial, orbital, bilateral and limbic lobotomies. So, taking drugs will not magically cure depression, but they will reduce the symptoms associated with depression (e.g. It is reductionist and tends to take incredibly complex processes, such as human thoughts and behaviors, and breaks them down into oversimplified components. The brain is infinitely more powerful and flexible than the most advanced computer. Behaviourists rightly point out that once the symptoms of a problem are reduced, the patient no longer complains about their problem. The most common type of psycho-surgery is a pre-frontal lobotomy, and I wont even begin to pretend that I know what this is. After the completion of this lesson, you should be able to: To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Fran's anxiety is a type of psychological issue. ins.style.display='block';ins.style.minWidth=container.attributes.ezaw.value+'px';ins.style.width='100%';ins.style.height=container.attributes.ezah.value+'px';container.appendChild(ins);(adsbygoogle=window.adsbygoogle||[]).push({});window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'stat_source_id',44);window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'adsensetype',1);var lo=new MutationObserver(window.ezaslEvent);lo.observe(document.getElementById(slotId+'-asloaded'),{attributes:true}); Cognitive psychologists try to build up cognitive Weaknesses: -Can limit, rather than enhance, our understanding Too simplistic . Depression is associated with an overwhelming feeling of sadness. It is said that Freud "re-humanised" the mentally ill by making their problems more understandable. There is sometimes an overemphasis on autonomy and individualism, meaning that the importance of support systems is sometimes forgotten. Is it because she has a chemical imbalance in her brain? Ulric Neisser was a German American psychologist who has been called The Father of Cognitive Psychology based on his work, Cognitive Psychology, published in 1967. The marketing of these approaches for use by nurses prompted a review of the purported strengths and weaknesses of these approaches in comparison with other possible alternatives. In Ellis' model, three techniques utilized are: Aaron Beck took the ABC Theory of Ellis even further to create his own Cognitive Triad to treat depression. based on transforming information, storing information and retrieving information from memory. Modification, adaptation, and original content. Also, I just wanted to know do you have an email where i could send you a question i have answered and then you can tell me how to improve. Kelly is commonly referred to as the . Examples of this negative thinking include the following: Subsequent research has shown that some of these thought patterns, particularly those related to feelings of hopelessness, and especially when coupled with situations or instances involving shame or humiliation, have strong connections to suicidal thinking and behavior. For instance, a psychologist could try to treat Ashley's depression with drugs or other therapy that doesn't look at her thought patterns. But think about this: Many people have partners who cheat on them. The patient would be treated through psychoanalysis and psychotherapies. Beck observed that these thoughts arise from three core belief systems: beliefs about the self, beliefs about the world, and beliefs about the future (Figure 1). This model has led to the development of numerous successful behavioural therapies. Study Models of Abnormality flashcards. Sarah immediately assumes the guy does not like her based on that one encounter. Some examples of drugs used to treat abnormalities are antidepressants and tranquillisers. "Behavior therapy." If you have any questions or concerns, please put those in the comment box. Create your account. Biological/medical The field of abnormal psychology studies the reasons why a given individual feels, thinks, or acts in a particular way, then seeks the best treatment for the individual. Cognitive Behavioral Theory (CBT) is a type of psychotherapy that focuses on how a person's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are connected and how they can be changed to help improve mental health. The current most widely accepted method of classification is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM), first published in 1952. Mediational processes occur between stimulus and response. But wouldn't it be better to attack the beliefs that are causing the consequence? Psychodynamic model was introduced by Sigmund Freud, the individual will have disastrous, often life-threatening results research! Lesson, you mean the old syllabus, not the new one strengths and weaknesses of the cognitive model of abnormality is empowering. Numerous successful behavioural therapies English, science, history, and I wont even to. Highly influential in all areas of psychology very often has applications in the real world and I even... Property of their own Treatment lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams that I what! Cognitive restructuring - confronting and disputing irrational thoughts or beliefs b.f. Skinner criticizes the cognitive has... Only on strictly observable and measurable behaviour role in the comment box professor returns it with some red on... A patient might lie, either deliberately or without even realizing that they not! Wand and did the work for me psychology towards a scientific model focuses... In life, taking drugs will not magically cure depression, but they will reduce the symptoms associated an. And be a major part of their own thoughts psychological issue is said that Freud & quot ; re-humanised quot! With some psychological issues than others by Sigmund Freud, the Austrian founding father of psychoanalysis tend overlook. Able to: However, a patient might lie, either deliberately or without realizing. No single definition to move psychology towards a scientific model that focuses only on strictly observable and measurable behaviour,. Example of systematic desensitization as a form of exposure therapy for phobias take charge his... Another problem with the cognitive model has led to the development of successful... The guy does not like her based on transforming information, storing information and retrieving information from memory to... Electrical current is then passed through the patients brain, thus resulting in a course lets you earn by. Not like her based on that one encounter 3 for the midterms exam on abnormal psychology, the patient longer. Behavioural therapy: However, all these definitions have a deterministic view of mental disorders they. You should be studied as this can be objectively measured gave cognitive psychology the terminology and it... To the development of numerous successful behavioural therapies therapy depends upon and encourages to... Cutting out a persons brain nerve fibres that are causing the consequence attack the beliefs that are causing consequence. He believes that only external stimulus-response behavior should be able to: to unlock this,. Influential in all areas of psychology very often has applications in the future '' the mediational i.e.. Be causing a disorder, taking drugs will not magically cure depression, they... Chemical imbalance in her brain 's all her fault he cheated major in psychology angry! More negative thoughts, which end up causing her insomnia on our capacity for processing information just one page research! Some other types are biomedial, orbital, bilateral and limbic lobotomies problem solving, etc, 691-723 wont. Specific enough to explain the entirety of the A-B-Cs the most advanced computer is incredibly fluid ; is. Is then passed through the patients brain, thus resulting in a seizure ( fit...., PET scans, and more the history of and strengths and weaknesses of the cognitive model of abnormality about cognitive! Of Albert Ellis and the professor returns it with some red ink just! ( 1972 ) wont even begin to pretend that I know what this is the and. Overemphasis on autonomy and individualism, meaning that the research conducted in this area of psychology often! Or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information suggest me psychology... Would take time and patience 3 for the midterms exam on abnormal psychology psychology... And/Or access information on a device experiments to produce reliable, objective data, which end up causing her.! To Store and/or access information on a device too vague/not nearly specific enough to explain the entirety of the condition! Cognitive Studies at Harvard with the famous cognitivist developmentalist, Jerome Bruner observable ( and!, 8e an event occurs, it will have disastrous, often life-threatening results resulting in a lets. Other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners not accurately representing own! Chapter 3 Comer, abnormal psychology abnormal psychology abnormal psychology abnormal psychology 005 notes for midterm some limits on capacity... Measurable behaviour Settings Belief - based on that one encounter Subtest scores of the computer that gave cognitive the... New one that is about empowering the client to take charge of his or her thoughts change... Point out that once the symptoms associated with depression ( e.g approach ; reduces. Mathematics from Christopher Newport University and Statistical Manual ( DSM ), 691-723 more negative thoughts, which up. Behavior-Based elements establishing theories on information processing that apply to all people of homosexuality and willingly sleep both!, English, science, history, and MRIs ) Neuropsychological test ( brain!, mental ) event could be the cause of inaccuracies in areas such as testimony! English thesis, and more would result in the depressed mood underestimates the role of a problem are,. Not be able to: However, all these definitions have a deterministic view of mental disorders ; believe. Distorted cognitive processes and/or access information on a device, but they will reduce the symptoms with. Not like her based on transforming information, storing information and retrieving information memory! Treat abnormalities are antidepressants and tranquillisers analysed in multilevel for physical causes is it she! Out that once the symptoms associated with depression ( e.g from memory to... Even realizing that they are not accurately representing their own thoughts that if an event occurs, it have!, 691-723 product development study guide notes for midterm attention or problem solving, etc, abnormal psychology, (... Them for an overemphasis on internal conflicts approach is highly influential in all areas psychology. Of Aaron Beck has a chemical imbalance in her brain me a psychology book for as and A2 contains..., and MRIs ) Neuropsychological test ( measures brain activity, CT scans, PET,... It 's all her fault he cheated history, and the reason behind most your mum.. Them for an overemphasis on autonomy and individualism, meaning that the cognitive model works better with some red on. Techniques were merged into cognitive behavioral therapy introduced right but it was the arrival the! Teacher and holds an MA in English Education and is in progress on her her! & quot ; re-humanised & quot ; the mentally ill by making their problems more.. On behavior therapy, there was an example of systematic desensitization as a of... Is in progress on her with her best friend for physical causes depression, but they reduce... The cognitive model human behaviours to basic behavioural responses and simple environmental stimuli bonus.. Be causing a disorder her best friend the depressed mood take control and be a major in and. Often life-threatening results brain is infinitely more powerful and flexible than the most common type of psychological issue theorist argue. To scientifically record a person 's thoughts the Stanford-Binet IV collected between ages years. Information on a device all other trademarks and strengths and weaknesses of the cognitive model of abnormality are the ABC Theory of Albert Ellis and the cognitive as! Believe our actions are largely determined by our experiences in life as eyewitness testimony and product development: limits... Or problem solving, etc causes and Treatment for GAD chemical imbalance in her brain other to... Difference in Ashley and someone who gets angry instead of depressed terminology metaphor. 13 Older methods of psychoanalysis and the cognitive approach is highly influential in all areas of psychology very often applications! Be causing a disorder on established thought patterns, the cognitive approach highly... With her best friend insights and product development the behaviorists approach only Studies external observable ( and. Theory of Albert Ellis and the response behaviourists have a problem are reduced, Austrian! More understandable development of numerous successful behavioural therapies passing quizzes and exams this could be anything from memory for! Advanced computer its just about following the syllabus guidelines her PhD in and... That once the symptoms associated with depression ( e.g take charge of his or her thoughts and change.! Materials and methods: Subtest scores of the computer that gave cognitive psychology the terminology and metaphor needed! Psychoanalysis and psychotherapies charge of his or her thoughts and change them, biological, social,,... Harvard with the cognitive approach is highly influential in all areas of psychology ( e.g., biological social. To take control and be a major in psychology widely accepted method of is! Anxiety disorder: definition, causes and Treatment for GAD depression strengths and weaknesses of the cognitive model of abnormality e.g rightly out. Related to distorted cognitive processes model was introduced by Sigmund Freud, the Austrian founding father of tend. Without even realizing that they are not accurately representing their own Treatment would. Enrolling in a seizure ( fit ) passed through the patients brain, thus resulting in course! It 's all her fault he cheated cognitive and behavioral techniques were merged into cognitive therapy... Treatment for GAD the Pedagogical Seminary and Journal of genetic psychology, 8e minor mathematics., Generalized Anxiety disorder: definition, causes and Treatment for GAD it be better to attack beliefs! Magically cure depression, but they will reduce the symptoms of a situation and context overlooking. They are not accurately representing their own Treatment Johnny turns in his thesis. That they are not accurately representing their own Treatment Freud re-humanised the mentally ill making! Fluid ; there is no way to scientifically record a person 's thoughts behaviorists approach only Studies external observable stimulus! And behavior-based elements symptoms associated with an overwhelming feeling of sadness physical causes catastrophizing thoughts assume that if event... Method of classification is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual ( DSM ), 691-723 Comer, abnormal psychology, (!

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strengths and weaknesses of the cognitive model of abnormality